Fracking Industry
Fracking (also known as hydraulic fracturing, fracing, hydro fracturing, or hydro fracking) is a well stimulation technique involving the fracturing of formations in bedrock by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of "fracking fluid" (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep-rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum, and brine will flow more freely. When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants (either sand or aluminium oxide) hold the fractures open. Fracking technology is generally necessary to achieve adequate flow rates in shale gas, tight gas, tight oil, and coal seam gas wells.
Completing the well is a key step in oil and gas production after the drilling operation, and it is the step taken to transform the drilled well into a production well. The process involves the installation of underground and above-ground equipment to create a safe and efficient production environment. The completion of the well needs to pay close attention to the details of installation, maintenance and continuous monitoring to ensure maximum safety and productivity. In this process, continuous pipelines may be required because it plays a crucial role in the completion of the well. This flexible oil pipe can be used for wellbore intervention operations, such as cleaning, pumping and well logging.
Steps in well completion
Well completion involves several steps to ensure that the well is able to effectively produce oil or natural gas. Below are common steps for completing well completion operations to ensure a safe and efficient oil and gas production environment.
1. The first step in the casing process is to install and secure the steel casing to prevent the well from self-closing and to avoid groundwater contamination. This casing acts as a barrier between the wellbore and the surrounding rock formations. Some types of casing (placed according to different levels in the well) include production casing, intermediate casing, surface casing, casing, liner and liner tieback casing.
Features of casing and casing pump joint
*Support wellbore wall: prevent wellbore collapse and maintain wellbore stability.
*Isolation of strata: Separate different strata and fluids to prevent mutual interference.
*Protecting drilling equipment: providing protection for drilling tools and logging instruments during the drilling process.
*As an oil and gas channel: After completion, devices such as tubing and casing valves can be installed inside the casing as a channel for oil and gas extraction.
* Connecting casing: During the drilling process, when it is necessary to adjust the length of the casing or replace damaged casing, the casing short section can be used as a connecting piece.
* Repairing the wellbore: When there is local damage or reinforcement needed in the wellbore, a casing short joint can be used for repair.
2. Once the hole has been cased and cemented, the next step is to use a perforating gun to drill holes in the casing. This allows oil or natural gas to flow into the wellbore for extraction. There are two types of well completions namely open hole and cased hole.
Features of wireline set cement retainer
* Easy to operate: The hydraulic setting cement retainer adopts a hydraulic setting method, which is easy and fast to operate, reducing the labour intensity of on-site operators.
* Wide applicability: This product is suitable for various specifications of casing and different well conditions, and can meet the production needs of different oil fields.
* Good sealing performance: A reliable sealing system is composed of an integral rubber cylinder and a smooth metal backing ring to ensure the sealing performance of the cement retainer during the sealing process.
* Easy to drill: The cement retainer has a compact structure and a small outer diameter, making it easy to drill out during subsequent operations without causing significant impact on the wellbore.
3. Perforation It requires perforating the cased well. The process requires inserting a perforating gun and a device to locate the reservoir into the wellbore. After the casing is perforated, a completion string consisting of production tubing, packers and other equipment is lowered into the wellbore.
Tubing anchor catcher
Mechanical tubing anchor is an important downhole tool mainly used for anchoring downhole tubing strings in production and control wells. It achieves stable clamping of the tubing on the wellbore wall through friction or mechanical means, thereby improving the stress state of the tubing string, reducing fatigue damage, controlling the expansion and contraction of the tubing string, reducing leakage, and extending the service life of the tubing string.
Tubing anchor
Tubing Anchor is a mechanical device that securely fixes tubing or casing to the wellbore through specific structural design and working principles, in order to improve the stability and safety of oil well production.
* Tubing Anchor prevent the tubing from moving and shifting underground, ensuring the stability of the tubing string.
* Improve stress state: By anchoring, improve the stress state of the tubing string and reduce damage caused by string vibration and fatigue.
* Control the expansion and contraction of the tubing string: During the pumping process, control the expansion and contraction of the tubing string to reduce leakage and wear caused by expansion and contraction.
* Extend service life: By reducing the vibration and wear of the tubing string, the service life of the tubing is extended.
Hydraulic retrievable packer
Hydraulic retrievable packer is a kind of down-hole tool that utilises hydraulic principle for sealing and unsealing. It can form an effective sealing and isolation section in the well-bore, preventing fluid from flowing between layers and sections, ensuring the efficiency and safety of oil and gas wells.
Permanent production packer
A permanent production packer is a type of packer that cannot be unsealed and will remain sealed for a long period of time once seated in the well-bore. It is mainly used to seal different layers in oil and gas wells to prevent fluid from flowing between layers and to ensure the stability and efficiency of production operations .
Mechanical set retrievable production packer
Mechanical Set Retrievable Production Packers is a kind of down-hole tool that uses the principle of mechanical transmission to make the internal mechanism of the packer work through surface or down-hole operation, so as to form an effective sealing and isolation section in the well-bore.
4. Gravel Packing Some wells require the use of a filtration system to prevent sand from entering the well stream. In addition to installing casing and liner pipes, gravel packing is also a measure to prevent sand from well flows.
Liner pipe
Liner Pipe refers to a pipe with lining material added to the inner wall. This lining can be made of metal, plastic, rubber, or other composite materials, depending on the application and required performance.
On-off tool
The On-Off Tool is a tubing disconnect device that has an internal blanking plug, locking profile with seal bore for utilizing flow control equipment. The Overshot has a box looking up which connects to tubing string and a pin looking down off the Stinger which connects to the packer.
5. Production tubing is placed to run down the center of the casing, allowing oil or gas to flow to the surface, while the packer creates a seal between the tubing and casing to prevent fluid from entering the space between them. Valves, gauges and chokes can also be installed to regulate the flow of oil or natural gas and control well pressure.
6. Christmas tree installation Finally, the wellhead is installed on top of the casing and connected to surface equipment. A wellhead is a collection of valves, pipes and fittings that transport materials to a storage tank or processing facility. It also provides a means for monitoring and controlling well pressure and flow. Safety is paramount throughout the well completion process. It is critical to design and construct well completions to prevent any accidents or releases that could cause harm to personnel or the environment. In addition, regular maintenance and monitoring of oil wells is necessary to ensure their continued safety and productivity throughout their life cycle.
Hydraulic toe sleeve
Toe Sleeve is a hydraulically operated sliding sleeve run near the toe of a horizontal well and allows the casing to be tested to surface pressures up to 15,000 psi. Once a successful test is achieved, the toe sleeve is opened at a predetermined pressure allowing communication to the formation and a high injection rate to facilitate subsequent plug and perf operations. The unique and patented three-layer design keeps all the moving parts encapsulated and protected from the well-bore environment, ensuring that the sleeve, once activated, is always fully open.
In this complex process Frac Plugs are the most important product used in a well. Thankful Frac Plugs serve as check valves to provide wellbore zonal isolation in multistage stimulation treatments. They isolate the lower zone during stimulation but allow flow from below to aid in well cleanup once the stimulation is over. There are different types of Frac Plugs used in different situation according to every wells because every well is different from other.
Single slip soluble bridge plug
Single slip dissolvable bridge plugs are the kind of bridge plugs made of all-metal materials, but some or all of its components can be dissolved under specific conditions, such as contacting with specific dissolvents or achieving specific environmental conditions.
Double slip soluble bridge plug
Double slip dissolvable bridge plug is a kind of down-hole tool that uses double kava structure for support and dissolvable material to achieve plugging and unplugging
Knot
The knot is a new type of temporary plugging steering product for fracturing. Compared with the traditional temporary plugging ball, it can plug all kinds of round and irregular shaped perforations more effectively. It is an ideal solution for new well completion and re-fracturing operations.
Soluble frac balls
Segmented fracturing of horizontal well is the core technology of shale gas reservoir development. The conventional method at home and abroad is segmented fracturing of compound bridge plug. In order to produce logging in the later stage, coiled tubing must be used to drill and grind all bridge plugs.
